I'll note that I am no expert or claim to know everything about this. The following info is basically what I've figured out in my own research on the subject. If you're curious about anything specific, I can point you towards some useful links. Anyone is free to correct me if I'm in err(i.e. Don from SDS or Ant from SS or anyone else who has been working in the field or researched it much more them me).
Basic concepts:
Anti-vibration mat (butyl-aluminum mat):
Function: Turns physical vibration energy into heat energy, keeps car panels from turning into their own speakers.
Misuse: Most folks use this as a barrier, high coverage, many layers. This product is not designed to work like this and does it poorly.
Use: A higher level product only needs one layer, 25%-50% coverage to do the job. Lesser products may be in the 50%-100% coverage range. Use in the center of large, flat panels.
Barrier (mass loaded vinyl, lead sheet):
Function: Blocks outside noise from getting into the car in the first place by use of reflection, i.e. low energy sound wave hitting a high mass wall.
Misuse: Not using it in the first place. //content.invisioncic.com/y282845/emoticons/laugh.gif.48439b2acf2cfca21620f01e7f77d1e4.gif
Use: Full coverage. Sound is like water. It will find the holes and leak in. Better use of a barrier is to have it float (decoupled) from surrounding parts. This is typically done with a foam layer, so the product will be a layer of vinyl with a layer of foam underneath to decouple it from the sheet metal or panel. Typical use is you lay down your anti-vibration mat in key areas, then your barrier over the entire surface.
Absorber (cotton, wool, glass fiber, etc.):
Function: Absorbs sound waves and turns them into heat energy. This essentially fixes what the blocker missed or fixes created waves in the environment (boominess, echos, etc.)
Misuse: Using too thin a product. Typically, we think of the foam as this product, but good function only comes from a LOT of thickness, 4" to 6" to 8" to be effective over a wide frequency range. A thin piece is only useful for just very high frequencies. A car environment doesn't lend itself to widespread use of this type of product. As well a closed cell foam is more of a blocker then an absorber.
Use: A thick layer to absorb reflections. It may be useful under the dash to soak up reflections in the foot wells from low placed speakers. A thick layer in corners act as bass traps, cutting out boominess and excess noise. It's good to research home use of this product and translate what you can do in a car. You will typically see little to no use of this type of product in-car. It simply requires too much material to be effective over a wide frequency band. Thinner products work but only for higher frequencies.
For companies, you have quite a few:
Raamaudio
Second Skin Audio
Cascade Sound
Sound Deadener Showdown
Dynamat
RoadBlockR
and I'm sure I'm missing a few, not to mention Home Depot type products like Peel n Seal and such.
I'll note that Sound Deadener Showdown has the thickest and most heavy duty anti-vibration mat with their CLD tiles. Second Skin's Damplifier Pro is the second thickest (aluminum foil thickness and overall thickness). I'll note that Second Skin is working on a "SPL" oriented product that from what I understand will run a very thick aluminum layer and a butyl layer that is a little more rubbery in design.
Second Skin's Luxury Liner/Pro is a good barrier product, a foam decoupling layer plus a vinyl layer. Cascade Sound has more barrier options with several choices including both lead and vinyl. Cascade also has done testing on their products and provide STC and NRC ratings for much of their products, something not done by any other company. Cascade has also been doing this for 20 years, so they kind of know sound deadening really well. //content.invisioncic.com/y282845/emoticons/laugh.gif.48439b2acf2cfca21620f01e7f77d1e4.gif
Info on STC and NRC and their difference (a nice little tutorial is available to explain it). This also shows the difference between a barrier and a blocker in function.
http://www.stcratings.com/