how is low voltage bad for the sub? and also, how is it bad for the alt?
a large load of current draw is bad for the alt, but the alt is what is creating your voltage, so the low voltage itself is not detrimental to the alternator. what it is bad for, is all of the electronics that are supposed to be seeing the 12v from the alternator. low voltage fries electronics, this could include your amp, your HU, your cars computer, anything that runs off of electricity in your vehicle.
the increased current draw is bad for the alt, like i mentioned. it will cause premature failure, and probably wont leave you stranded, but will leave you upset. your electrical system should be up to par and capable of running all your electronics. its kind of a chain reaction, one thing can lead to another thing, can lead to another thing, etc etc...