What exactly do you think sound is? Compressed air.. There is no sound without air, sound is the compression and rarefraction of air molecules. Sooo much SPL broscience on this forum. bunch of teenagers thinking they are reinventing the wheel by throwing a speaker in an ported box and putting up an ok number lol. You can actually convert SPL in decibels back into Bars, the measure for atmostpheric pressure. 154 DB's is about 1bar. The reason 194 is the SPL cap is because standard atmospheric pressure can't support more presuure than that. Essentially you run out of air to compress, the wave is inherently "clipped" at it's last step, air pressure. Also this why SPL changes with elevation and temp. Unless the mic is calibrated it will be assuming that air pressure is starting at 1 bar. Since it's reading a pressure deviation from 1 bar, it'll essentailly give the wrong value since it's using the wrong baseline. Some mics will actually compensate for this and recalibrate to give you a true score. SPL competitors have been running their AC's for this reason. Get the car cold and air pressure will increase but the mic doesn't realize it. When it records the peak value it'll give a higher score. Also the more dense air is a better acoustic coupler so it also legitimately louder. If someone wanted to get stupid they could fill the car witha very dense gas and make it air tight. Only issue is when scores of over 190 came up, people would call them a cheater.... Underwater 200+ woudl be possible..
Why would a port not make things louder? Let me guess, you see the port as a hole in the box, hence less pressure? A port does not operate that way. A port is a helholtz resonator. It doesn't operate by using air from inside the box randomly escaping when the cone moves. It works by having that mass of air resonating at a given frequency. The port acts just like another speaker, but is bandpassed physically since it'll move the most at the frequency it's tuned too. This is why we dont' consider the port part of box volume when determining net enclosure volume. It's more accurate to think of the port as a seperate part all together. Below tuning it is out of phase with the speaker, hence the lack of loading on the speaker since it's fighting with teh sub for air pressure inside the bo and reduced SPL due to cancellation outside the box where you measure.. This is also how SPl guys put up big numbers with just an 8. BIG PORTS, the port has more cone are than the 8 and doesn't have an XMAX constraint.
Windows down and doors open gaining SPL is due to the car acting as a 6th order bandpass with them down (or higher order if box is ported lol). SPL tends to increase within some of the bandpass. Again, do a full spectrum reading and YES, you do lose SPL at some frequencies with windows down since you air letting air out. However, at the frequencise your doors and windows are "tuned to" you gain.
ps. someone go lightly blow into their mic and tell me what happens if you have a kind that you can do that with. Then scream as loud as you can and see what it reads.