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<blockquote data-quote="Slo_Ride" data-source="post: 8686772" data-attributes="member: 563830"><p>More&nbsp; than&nbsp; fifty&nbsp; years&nbsp; of&nbsp; human&nbsp; activity&nbsp; in&nbsp; space&nbsp; have&nbsp; produced&nbsp; societal&nbsp; benefits&nbsp; that&nbsp; improve the&nbsp; quality&nbsp; of&nbsp; life&nbsp; on&nbsp; Earth.&nbsp; The&nbsp; first&nbsp; satellites,&nbsp; designed&nbsp; to&nbsp; study&nbsp; the&nbsp; space&nbsp; environment&nbsp; and test&nbsp; initial&nbsp; capabilities&nbsp; in&nbsp; Earth&nbsp; orbit,&nbsp; contributed&nbsp; critical&nbsp; knowledge&nbsp; and&nbsp; capabilities&nbsp; for developing&nbsp; satellite&nbsp; telecommunications,&nbsp; global&nbsp; positioning,&nbsp; and&nbsp; advances&nbsp; in&nbsp; weather forecasting.&nbsp; Space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; initiated&nbsp; the&nbsp; economic&nbsp; development&nbsp; of&nbsp; space&nbsp; that&nbsp; today,&nbsp; year after&nbsp; year,&nbsp; delivers&nbsp; high&nbsp; returns&nbsp; for&nbsp; invested&nbsp; funds&nbsp; in&nbsp; space.&nbsp; The&nbsp; challenges&nbsp; of&nbsp; space exploration&nbsp; have&nbsp; sparked&nbsp; new&nbsp; scientific&nbsp; and&nbsp; technological&nbsp; knowledge&nbsp; of&nbsp; inherent&nbsp; value&nbsp; to humankind,&nbsp; leading&nbsp; to&nbsp; better&nbsp; understanding&nbsp; of&nbsp; our&nbsp; Universe&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; solar&nbsp; system&nbsp; in&nbsp; which&nbsp; we live.&nbsp; Knowledge,&nbsp; coupled&nbsp; with&nbsp; ingenuity,&nbsp; provides&nbsp; people&nbsp; around&nbsp; the&nbsp; globe&nbsp; with&nbsp; solutions&nbsp; as well&nbsp; as&nbsp; useful&nbsp; products&nbsp; and&nbsp; services.&nbsp; Knowledge&nbsp; acquired&nbsp; from&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; has&nbsp; also introduced&nbsp; new&nbsp; perspectives&nbsp; on&nbsp; our&nbsp; individual&nbsp; and&nbsp; collective&nbsp; place&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; Universe.&nbsp; Future&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; goals&nbsp; call&nbsp; for&nbsp; sending&nbsp; humans&nbsp; and&nbsp; robots&nbsp; beyond&nbsp; Low&nbsp; Earth&nbsp; Orbit&nbsp; and establishing&nbsp; sustained&nbsp; access&nbsp; to&nbsp; destinations&nbsp; such&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; Moon,&nbsp; asteroids&nbsp; and&nbsp; Mars.&nbsp; Space agencies&nbsp; participating&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; International&nbsp; Space&nbsp; Exploration&nbsp; Coordination&nbsp; Group&nbsp; (ISECG)2&nbsp; are discussing&nbsp; an&nbsp; international&nbsp; approach&nbsp; for&nbsp; achieving&nbsp; these&nbsp; goals,&nbsp; documented&nbsp; in&nbsp; ISECG&#039;s&nbsp; Global Exploration&nbsp; Roadmap3.&nbsp; That&nbsp; approach&nbsp; begins&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; International&nbsp; Space&nbsp; Station&nbsp; (ISS),&nbsp; and leads&nbsp; to&nbsp; human&nbsp; missions&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; surface&nbsp; of&nbsp; Mars.&nbsp; Employing&nbsp; the&nbsp; complementary&nbsp; capabilities&nbsp; of&nbsp; both&nbsp; humans&nbsp; and&nbsp; robotic&nbsp; systems&nbsp; will&nbsp; enable humankind&nbsp; to&nbsp; meet&nbsp; this&nbsp; most&nbsp; ambitious&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; challenge,&nbsp; and&nbsp; to&nbsp; increase&nbsp; benefits for&nbsp; society.&nbsp; These&nbsp; benefits&nbsp; can&nbsp; be&nbsp; categorized&nbsp; into&nbsp; three&nbsp; fundamental&nbsp; areas:&nbsp; innovation;&nbsp; culture and&nbsp; inspiration;&nbsp; and&nbsp; new&nbsp; means&nbsp; to&nbsp; address&nbsp; global&nbsp; challenges. Innovation.&nbsp; There&nbsp; are&nbsp; numerous&nbsp; cases&nbsp; of&nbsp; societal&nbsp; benefits&nbsp; linked&nbsp; to&nbsp; new&nbsp; knowledge&nbsp; and technology&nbsp; from&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration.&nbsp; Space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; has&nbsp; contributed&nbsp; to&nbsp; many&nbsp; diverse&nbsp; aspects of&nbsp; everyday&nbsp; life,&nbsp; from&nbsp; solar&nbsp; panels&nbsp; to&nbsp; implantable&nbsp; heart&nbsp; monitors,&nbsp; from&nbsp; cancer&nbsp; therapy&nbsp; to&nbsp; lightweight&nbsp; materials,&nbsp; and&nbsp; from&nbsp; water‐purification&nbsp; systems&nbsp; to&nbsp; improved&nbsp; computing&nbsp; systems&nbsp; and&nbsp; to&nbsp; a global&nbsp; search‐and‐rescue&nbsp; system.&nbsp; Achieving&nbsp; the&nbsp; ambitious&nbsp; future&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; goals&nbsp; as&nbsp; outlined above&nbsp; will&nbsp; further&nbsp; expand&nbsp; the&nbsp; economic&nbsp; relevance&nbsp; of&nbsp; space.&nbsp; Space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; will&nbsp; continue&nbsp; to be&nbsp; an&nbsp; essential&nbsp; driver&nbsp; for&nbsp; opening&nbsp; up&nbsp; new&nbsp; domains&nbsp; in&nbsp; science&nbsp; and&nbsp; technology,&nbsp; triggering&nbsp; other sectors&nbsp; to&nbsp; partner&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; space&nbsp; sector&nbsp; for&nbsp; joint&nbsp; research&nbsp; and&nbsp; development.&nbsp; This&nbsp; will&nbsp; return immediate&nbsp; benefits&nbsp; back&nbsp; to&nbsp; Earth&nbsp; in&nbsp; areas&nbsp; such&nbsp; as&nbsp; materials,&nbsp; power&nbsp; generation&nbsp; and&nbsp; energy storage,&nbsp; recycling&nbsp; and&nbsp; waste&nbsp; management,&nbsp; advanced&nbsp; robotics,&nbsp; health&nbsp; and&nbsp; medicine, transportation,&nbsp; engineering,&nbsp; computing&nbsp; and&nbsp; software.&nbsp; Furthermore,&nbsp; innovations&nbsp; required&nbsp; for space&nbsp; exploration,&nbsp; such&nbsp; as&nbsp; those&nbsp; related&nbsp; to&nbsp; miniaturisation,&nbsp; will&nbsp; drive&nbsp; improvements&nbsp; in&nbsp; other space&nbsp; systems&nbsp; and&nbsp; services&nbsp; resulting&nbsp; in&nbsp; higher&nbsp; performance&nbsp; and&nbsp; lower&nbsp; cost.&nbsp; These&nbsp; will&nbsp; in&nbsp; turn result&nbsp; in&nbsp; better&nbsp; services&nbsp; on&nbsp; Earth&nbsp; and&nbsp; better&nbsp; return&nbsp; of&nbsp; investment&nbsp; in&nbsp; institutional&nbsp; and commercial&nbsp; space&nbsp; activities.&nbsp; In&nbsp; addition,&nbsp; the&nbsp; excitement&nbsp; generated&nbsp; by&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; attracts young&nbsp; people&nbsp; to&nbsp; careers&nbsp; in&nbsp; science,&nbsp; technology,&nbsp; engineering&nbsp; and&nbsp; mathematics,&nbsp; helping&nbsp; to&nbsp; build global&nbsp; capacity&nbsp; for&nbsp; scientific&nbsp; and&nbsp; technological&nbsp; innovation. Culture&nbsp; and&nbsp; Inspiration.&nbsp; Space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; offers&nbsp; a&nbsp; unique&nbsp; and&nbsp; evolving&nbsp; perspective&nbsp; on humanity&#039;s&nbsp; place&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; Universe,&nbsp; which&nbsp; is&nbsp; common&nbsp; to&nbsp; all.&nbsp; Every&nbsp; day,&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; missions fulfill&nbsp; people&#039;s&nbsp; curiosity,&nbsp; producing&nbsp; fresh&nbsp; data&nbsp; about&nbsp; the&nbsp; solar&nbsp; system&nbsp; that&nbsp; brings&nbsp; us&nbsp; closer&nbsp; to answering&nbsp; profound&nbsp; questions&nbsp; that&nbsp; have&nbsp; been&nbsp; asked&nbsp; for&nbsp; millennia:&nbsp; What&nbsp; is&nbsp; the&nbsp; nature&nbsp; of&nbsp; the Universe?&nbsp; Is&nbsp; the&nbsp; destiny&nbsp; of&nbsp; humankind&nbsp; bound&nbsp; to&nbsp; Earth?&nbsp; Are&nbsp; we&nbsp; and&nbsp; our&nbsp; planet&nbsp; unique?&nbsp; Is&nbsp; there life&nbsp; elsewhere&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; Universe?&nbsp; New&nbsp; Means&nbsp; to&nbsp; Address&nbsp; Global&nbsp; Challenges.&nbsp; Partnerships&nbsp; and&nbsp; capabilities&nbsp; developed&nbsp; through space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; create&nbsp; new&nbsp; opportunities&nbsp; for&nbsp; addressing&nbsp; global&nbsp; challenges.&nbsp; Space&nbsp; exploration is&nbsp; a&nbsp; global&nbsp; endeavour&nbsp; contributing&nbsp; to&nbsp; trust&nbsp; and&nbsp; diplomacy&nbsp; between&nbsp; nations.&nbsp; Enhanced&nbsp; global partnerships&nbsp; and&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; capabilities&nbsp; may&nbsp; help&nbsp; advance&nbsp; international&nbsp; preparedness&nbsp; for protecting&nbsp; the&nbsp; Earth&nbsp; from&nbsp; catastrophic&nbsp; events&nbsp; such&nbsp; as&nbsp; some&nbsp; asteroid&nbsp; strikes,&nbsp; advancing collaborative&nbsp; research&nbsp; on&nbsp; space&nbsp; weather&nbsp; and&nbsp; protecting&nbsp; spacecraft&nbsp; by&nbsp; developing&nbsp; new&nbsp; means for&nbsp; space&nbsp; debris&nbsp; removal.&nbsp; Knowledge&nbsp; derived&nbsp; from&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; may&nbsp; also&nbsp; contribute&nbsp; to implementing&nbsp; policies&nbsp; for&nbsp; environmentally&nbsp; sustainable&nbsp; development. In&nbsp; summary,&nbsp; space&nbsp; scientists&nbsp; and&nbsp; engineers&nbsp; who&nbsp; overcame&nbsp; past&nbsp; challenges&nbsp; could&nbsp; not&nbsp; have predicted&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; ways&nbsp; in&nbsp; which&nbsp; their&nbsp; innovations&nbsp; are&nbsp; now&nbsp; being&nbsp; used&nbsp; on&nbsp; Earth.&nbsp; Though&nbsp; the precise&nbsp; nature&nbsp; of&nbsp; future&nbsp; benefits&nbsp; from&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; is&nbsp; unpredictable,&nbsp; current&nbsp; trends suggest&nbsp; that&nbsp; significant&nbsp; benefits&nbsp; may&nbsp; be&nbsp; generated&nbsp; in&nbsp; areas&nbsp; such&nbsp; as&nbsp; new&nbsp; materials,&nbsp; health&nbsp; and medicine,&nbsp; transportation,&nbsp; and&nbsp; computer&nbsp; technology.&nbsp; New&nbsp; opportunities&nbsp; for&nbsp; job&nbsp; creation&nbsp; and economic&nbsp; growth&nbsp; are&nbsp; being&nbsp; created&nbsp; by&nbsp; private&nbsp; enterprises&nbsp; that&nbsp; are&nbsp; increasingly&nbsp; investing&nbsp; in space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; and&nbsp; seeking&nbsp; ways&nbsp; to&nbsp; make&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; more&nbsp; affordable&nbsp; and&nbsp; reliable, and&nbsp; thus,&nbsp; more&nbsp; sustainable&nbsp; and&nbsp; profitable.&nbsp; There&nbsp; is&nbsp; no&nbsp; activity&nbsp; on&nbsp; Earth&nbsp; that&nbsp; matches&nbsp; the&nbsp; unique&nbsp; challenges&nbsp; of&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration.&nbsp; The&nbsp; first fifty&nbsp; years&nbsp; of&nbsp; space&nbsp; activity&nbsp; have&nbsp; generated&nbsp; benefits&nbsp; for&nbsp; people&nbsp; around&nbsp; the&nbsp; globe.&nbsp; This&nbsp; past record&nbsp; gives&nbsp; strong&nbsp; reason&nbsp; for&nbsp; confidence&nbsp; that&nbsp; renewed&nbsp; investments&nbsp; in&nbsp; space&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; will have&nbsp; similarly&nbsp; positive&nbsp; impacts&nbsp; for&nbsp; future&nbsp; generations.</p></blockquote><p></p>

[QUOTE="Slo_Ride, post: 8686772, member: 563830"] More than fifty years of human activity in space have produced societal benefits that improve the quality of life on Earth. The first satellites, designed to study the space environment and test initial capabilities in Earth orbit, contributed critical knowledge and capabilities for developing satellite telecommunications, global positioning, and advances in weather forecasting. Space exploration initiated the economic development of space that today, year after year, delivers high returns for invested funds in space. The challenges of space exploration have sparked new scientific and technological knowledge of inherent value to humankind, leading to better understanding of our Universe and the solar system in which we live. Knowledge, coupled with ingenuity, provides people around the globe with solutions as well as useful products and services. Knowledge acquired from space exploration has also introduced new perspectives on our individual and collective place in the Universe. Future space exploration goals call for sending humans and robots beyond Low Earth Orbit and establishing sustained access to destinations such as the Moon, asteroids and Mars. Space agencies participating in the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG)2 are discussing an international approach for achieving these goals, documented in ISECG's Global Exploration Roadmap3. That approach begins with the International Space Station (ISS), and leads to human missions to the surface of Mars. Employing the complementary capabilities of both humans and robotic systems will enable humankind to meet this most ambitious space exploration challenge, and to increase benefits for society. These benefits can be categorized into three fundamental areas: innovation; culture and inspiration; and new means to address global challenges. Innovation. There are numerous cases of societal benefits linked to new knowledge and technology from space exploration. Space exploration has contributed to many diverse aspects of everyday life, from solar panels to implantable heart monitors, from cancer therapy to lightweight materials, and from water‐purification systems to improved computing systems and to a global search‐and‐rescue system. Achieving the ambitious future exploration goals as outlined above will further expand the economic relevance of space. Space exploration will continue to be an essential driver for opening up new domains in science and technology, triggering other sectors to partner with the space sector for joint research and development. This will return immediate benefits back to Earth in areas such as materials, power generation and energy storage, recycling and waste management, advanced robotics, health and medicine, transportation, engineering, computing and software. Furthermore, innovations required for space exploration, such as those related to miniaturisation, will drive improvements in other space systems and services resulting in higher performance and lower cost. These will in turn result in better services on Earth and better return of investment in institutional and commercial space activities. In addition, the excitement generated by space exploration attracts young people to careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics, helping to build global capacity for scientific and technological innovation. Culture and Inspiration. Space exploration offers a unique and evolving perspective on humanity's place in the Universe, which is common to all. Every day, space exploration missions fulfill people's curiosity, producing fresh data about the solar system that brings us closer to answering profound questions that have been asked for millennia: What is the nature of the Universe? Is the destiny of humankind bound to Earth? Are we and our planet unique? Is there life elsewhere in the Universe? New Means to Address Global Challenges. Partnerships and capabilities developed through space exploration create new opportunities for addressing global challenges. Space exploration is a global endeavour contributing to trust and diplomacy between nations. Enhanced global partnerships and exploration capabilities may help advance international preparedness for protecting the Earth from catastrophic events such as some asteroid strikes, advancing collaborative research on space weather and protecting spacecraft by developing new means for space debris removal. Knowledge derived from space exploration may also contribute to implementing policies for environmentally sustainable development. In summary, space scientists and engineers who overcame past challenges could not have predicted all the ways in which their innovations are now being used on Earth. Though the precise nature of future benefits from space exploration is unpredictable, current trends suggest that significant benefits may be generated in areas such as new materials, health and medicine, transportation, and computer technology. New opportunities for job creation and economic growth are being created by private enterprises that are increasingly investing in space exploration and seeking ways to make space exploration more affordable and reliable, and thus, more sustainable and profitable. There is no activity on Earth that matches the unique challenges of space exploration. The first fifty years of space activity have generated benefits for people around the globe. This past record gives strong reason for confidence that renewed investments in space exploration will have similarly positive impacts for future generations. [/QUOTE]

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